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Mandarin tones for Yoruba speakers

Which tones are hardest, why, and where to start.

Yoruba is itself tonal. A comparative study found Thai speakers produce Mandarin tones better than Yoruba speakers, attributed to Thai's larger tonal inventory being more similar to Mandarin; the two groups share similar error patterns. No specific error direction is given.

No single tone stands out Evidence level B Model confidence 35%

Source: Gandour & Harshman (1978)(基础性研究,非普通话) | 泰语-约鲁巴语比较研究(未取得原文)

What this means for you in practice

Group averages tell you where to look, not what you actually do. Two speakers of the same first language can differ a lot. The only way to know is to record yourself and compare.

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